Romani is the language of the Romani people and, unusually for a European minority language, it is Indo-Aryan: it descends from the languages of northern India, which the Roma left around a thousand years ago. Its core vocabulary and grammar remain visibly related to Hindi and Punjabi, overlaid with centuries of borrowing from Greek, Romanian, Slavic languages and others met along the migration route. Romani exists as a family of dialects rather than one standard; major groupings include the Vlax dialects, among them Kalderash, along with Balkan, Central and Sinti varieties, and they differ substantially. Speaker estimates run to several million across Europe, with communities in the Americas too. For most of its history Romani was purely spoken, and it is still written in varying orthographies. Many Roma in Britain speak the dialect of their country of origin alongside that country's majority language.
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